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I Guerra Mundial (World War I)

World War I was immediately precipitated(provocada) by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. There were(hubo), however, many factors that had led toward war(habían llevado a la guerra). Prominent(principales) causes were the imperialistic, territorial, and economic rivalries(rivalidades) that had been intensifying from the late 19th cent., particularly(en particular) among Germany, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Austria-Hungary.


Of equal importance was the rampant(muralla) spirit of nationalism, especially unsettling(inestable, incierto) in the empire of Austria-Hungary and perhaps also in France. Nationalism had brought the unification of Germany by “blood and iron(sangre y hierro),” and France, deprived(privada) of Alsace and Lorraine by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, had been left with its own nationalistic cult(culto) seeking revenge(buscando venganza) against Germany. While French nationalists were hostile to Germany, which sought(buscó) to maintain its gains by militarism and alliances, nationalism was creating violent tensions in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy ; there the large Slavic national groups had grown increasingly restive(inquieto), and Serbia as well as(tanto como, igual que) Russia fanned(avivaron) Slavic hopes for freedom and Pan-Slavism .


Imperialist rivalry had grown more intense with the “new imperialism” of the late 19th and early 20th cent. The great powers had come into conflict(habían entrado en conflicto) over spheres of influence in China and over territories in Africa, and the Eastern Question , created by the decline of the Ottoman Empire, had produced several disturbing(perturbadoras) controversies. Particularly unsettling was the policy of Germany. It embarked(emprendió, empezó) late but aggressively on colonial expansion under Emperor William II , came into conflict with France over Morocco , and seemed(pareció) to threaten Great Britain by its rapid naval expansion.


These issues(asuntos, cuestiones), imperialist and nationalist, resulted in a hardening(endurecimiento) of alliance systems in the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente and in a general armaments race. Nonetheless(sin embargo, no obstante), a false optimism regarding(con respecto) peace prevailed(prevaleció) almost until the onset(llegada) of the war, an optimism stimulated by the long period during which(durante el cual) major wars had been avoided(evitadas), by the close dynastic ties(dinastías con lazos íntimos)  and cultural intercourse(relaciones) in Europe, and by the advance of industrialization and economic prosperity. Many Europeans counted on(confiaron en) the deterrent(argumento disuasorio) of war's destructiveness(poder destructor) to preserve the peace.
 
 
Fuente: http://www.encyclopedia.com

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